diff --git a/tests/test_permissions.py b/tests/test_permissions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..131e0f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_permissions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+"""声明式权限（allow/ask/deny）回归测试。不触真实引擎/网络。"""
+import pytest
+from xcli_core.safety import SafetyLayer, MODE_UNRESTRICTED, MODE_NORMAL, MODE_MANUAL
+
+
+def _new_safety(allow=None, ask=None, deny=None, mode=MODE_NORMAL):
+    s = SafetyLayer()
+    s.set_permissions(allow=allow, ask=ask, deny=deny)
+    s.mode = mode
+    return s
+
+
+# ── 纯函数：规则匹配 ──
+
+def test_match_wildcard():
+    s = SafetyLayer()
+    assert s._permission_match("*", "anything", "rm -rf /") is True
+
+
+def test_match_exact_tool():
+    s = SafetyLayer()
+    assert s._permission_match("git_tools", "git_tools", "status") is True
+    assert s._permission_match("git_tools", "cmd_executor", "status") is False
+
+
+def test_match_tool_star():
+    s = SafetyLayer()
+    assert s._permission_match("git_tools:*", "git_tools", "push origin") is True
+
+
+def test_match_tool_op_prefix():
+    s = SafetyLayer()
+    assert s._permission_match("cmd_executor:rm", "cmd_executor", "rm -rf /tmp") is True
+    assert s._permission_match("cmd_executor:rm", "cmd_executor", "ls -la") is False
+    # 操作词精确相等也应命中
+    assert s._permission_match("git_tools:push", "git_tools", "push") is True
+
+
+def test_match_empty_rule_ignored():
+    s = SafetyLayer()
+    assert s._permission_match("", "git_tools", "status") is False
+
+
+# ── deny 最高优先级 ──
+
+def test_deny_blocks():
+    s = _new_safety(deny=["git_tools:reset"], mode=MODE_UNRESTRICTED)
+    ok, msg = s.check("git_tools", "reset --hard HEAD")
+    assert ok is False
+    assert "deny" in msg
+
+
+def test_deny_blocks_even_unrestricted():
+    s = _new_safety(deny=["cmd_executor:rm"], mode=MODE_UNRESTRICTED)
+    ok, _ = s.check("cmd_executor", "rm -rf /")
+    assert ok is False
+
+
+def test_deny_overrides_allow():
+    # 同一工具同时出现在 deny 与 allow，deny 胜出
+    s = _new_safety(deny=["git_tools:reset"], allow=["git_tools:reset"], mode=MODE_NORMAL)
+    ok, _ = s.check("git_tools", "reset --hard")
+    assert ok is False
+
+
+# ── ask 强制确认 ──
+
+def test_ask_forces_confirm():
+    s = _new_safety(ask=["cmd_executor"], mode=MODE_NORMAL)
+    confirmed = []
+    s._ask_user_confirm = lambda *a, **k: (confirmed.append(True) or (True, "ok"))
+    ok, _ = s.check("cmd_executor", "ls")
+    assert ok is True
+    assert confirmed == [True]
+
+
+def test_ask_overrides_allow():
+    # 同时 allow 与 ask，ask（确认）胜出，不会自动放行
+    s = _new_safety(allow=["cmd_executor"], ask=["cmd_executor"], mode=MODE_NORMAL)
+    called = []
+    s._ask_user_confirm = lambda *a, **k: (called.append(True) or (True, "ok"))
+    s.check("cmd_executor", "ls")
+    assert called == [True]
+
+
+def test_ask_works_in_unrestricted():
+    s = _new_safety(ask=["git_tools:push"], mode=MODE_UNRESTRICTED)
+    called = []
+    s._ask_user_confirm = lambda *a, **k: (called.append(True) or (False, "no"))
+    ok, _ = s.check("git_tools", "push origin master")
+    assert ok is False
+    assert called == [True]
+
+
+# ── allow 自动放行 ──
+
+def test_allow_auto_passes():
+    s = _new_safety(allow=["git_tools:status"], mode=MODE_NORMAL)
+    # 不应触发 AI 分析 / 确认
+    s._ask_user_confirm = lambda *a, **k: (False, "SHOULD_NOT_BE_CALLED")
+    ok, msg = s.check("git_tools", "status")
+    assert ok is True
+    assert msg == ""
+
+
+def test_allow_no_match_falls_through():
+    s = _new_safety(allow=["git_tools:status"], mode=MODE_UNRESTRICTED)
+    ok, _ = s.check("cmd_executor", "ls")
+    # 无规则命中 → 走默认（无限制模式直接放行）
+    assert ok is True
+
+
+def test_default_without_rules_unrestricted_passes():
+    s = _new_safety(mode=MODE_UNRESTRICTED)
+    ok, _ = s.check("file_manager", "read foo.txt")
+    assert ok is True
diff --git a/tests/test_plan_mode.py b/tests/test_plan_mode.py
index 57ebeab..90dd5b9 100644
--- a/tests/test_plan_mode.py
+++ b/tests/test_plan_mode.py
@@ -118,9 +118,11 @@ def test_normal_mode_does_not_plan_block():
     safety = get_safety()
     saved_cli = safety.cli
     saved_mode = safety.mode
+    saved_perm = safety._permissions_override
     fake_cli = types.SimpleNamespace(plan_mode=False)
     safety.set_cli(fake_cli)
     safety.set_mode(0)  # MODE_UNRESTRICTED：直接放行，不消耗 AI
+    safety.set_permissions(allow=[], ask=[], deny=[])  # 隔离真实 config 的权限规则
     try:
         allowed, _ = safety.check("code_editor", "write a.py x")
         assert allowed is True
@@ -129,6 +131,7 @@ def test_normal_mode_does_not_plan_block():
     finally:
         safety.set_cli(saved_cli)
         safety.set_mode(saved_mode)
+        safety._permissions_override = saved_perm
 
 
 # ── system prompt 注入 ──
diff --git a/xcli_core/safety.py b/xcli_core/safety.py
index 38c2240..a73af90 100644
--- a/xcli_core/safety.py
+++ b/xcli_core/safety.py
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ class SafetyLayer:
         self.cli = None
         self._analysis_cache = {}  # 缓存分析结果
         self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._permissions_override = None  # set_permissions 注入的显式权限
 
     def set_cli(self, cli):
         self.cli = cli
@@ -103,6 +104,62 @@ class SafetyLayer:
         self.mode = (self.mode + 1) % 3
         return self.get_mode_name()
 
+    # ── 声明式权限（opencode 式 allow/ask/deny）──
+    # 规则语法：
+    #   "*"               → 匹配任意工具/操作
+    #   "tool"            → 精确匹配工具名
+    #   "tool:*"          → 该工具任意操作
+    #   "tool:op"         → 工具名 + 参数首个词命中 op 前缀
+    # 优先级：deny（阻断）> ask（强制确认）> allow（自动放行）> 默认（按模式）
+
+    def set_permissions(self, allow=None, ask=None, deny=None):
+        """显式注入权限规则（测试或启动时调用），优先级最高。"""
+        self._permissions_override = {
+            "allow": list(allow or []),
+            "ask": list(ask or []),
+            "deny": list(deny or []),
+        }
+
+    def _get_permissions(self) -> dict:
+        if self._permissions_override is not None:
+            return self._permissions_override
+        return self._load_permissions()
+
+    def _load_permissions(self) -> dict:
+        try:
+            from .config import load_config
+        except ImportError:
+            try:
+                from config import load_config
+            except ImportError:
+                return {"allow": [], "ask": [], "deny": []}
+        cfg = load_config() or {}
+        perm = cfg.get("permissions") or {}
+        return {
+            "allow": perm.get("allow", []) or [],
+            "ask": perm.get("ask", []) or [],
+            "deny": perm.get("deny", []) or [],
+        }
+
+    def _permission_match(self, rule: str, tool_name: str, tool_args) -> bool:
+        rule = (rule or "").strip()
+        if not rule:
+            return False
+        if rule == "*":
+            return True
+        if ":" in rule:
+            rtool, raction = rule.split(":", 1)
+            rtool = rtool.strip()
+            raction = raction.strip()
+            if rtool != tool_name:
+                return False
+            if raction in ("*", ""):
+                return True
+            op = (str(tool_args).strip().split()[0].lower()
+                  if str(tool_args).strip() else "")
+            return op == raction or op.startswith(raction)
+        return rule == tool_name
+
     # ── 核心：拦截检查 ──
 
     def check(self, tool_name: str, tool_args: str) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
@@ -118,6 +175,26 @@ class SafetyLayer:
                 return False, "PLAN 模式：写操作已暂挂（只读调研中）。请在 /build 批准后执行。"
             return True, ""
 
+        # ── 声明式权限（config.permissions: deny > ask > allow）──
+        perm = self._get_permissions()
+        # deny 最高优先级：直接阻断（即便无限制模式也生效）
+        for rule in perm.get("deny", []):
+            if self._permission_match(rule, tool_name, tool_args):
+                return False, f"权限拒绝（deny 规则 '{rule}' 命中）: {tool_name}"
+        # ask：强制人工确认（覆盖自动放行，即便无限制模式也确认）
+        for rule in perm.get("ask", []):
+            if self._permission_match(rule, tool_name, tool_args):
+                return self._ask_user_confirm(
+                    tool_name, tool_args,
+                    risk_level="中",
+                    impact="命中 ask 规则，需你确认后执行",
+                    reason=f"权限规则 '{rule}'"
+                )
+        # allow：自动放行（跳过 AI 风险分析）
+        for rule in perm.get("allow", []):
+            if self._permission_match(rule, tool_name, tool_args):
+                return True, ""
+
         # 无限制模式：直接放行
         if self.mode == MODE_UNRESTRICTED:
             return True, ""